1. Explain the basic principles of the Koeppen system for climate classification. List the detailed classifications for Turkey and express your opinions on these classifications in light of the meteorological factors and climate controls that influence them. As a practice, show annual graphs of monthly temperature and precipitation at two contrast climate stations in Türkiye and discuss your results. (Dr. İsmail Yücel; 35 points).Wladimir Koeppen developed the first quantitative climate classification in 1900. Koeppen's system was based on the principle that plants integrate different climatic elements. Koeppen fitted isolines of temperature and precipitation data to the five vegetation groups identified by the French botanist De Candolle, based on the climatic zones of late Greece: (1) A, the torrid zone plants; (2) C, temperate zone plants; (3) D and E, frigid zone (without plants); (4) B, for dry zone plants. Koeppen added sequential letters to account for humidity (rain), for better description of maximum and minimum temperatures, for the seasonal distribution of precipitation (Sanderson, 1999), and for special characteristics such as the incidence of fog.B Climate zone - Dry zone: Can be seen in steppes and desert fields. This area has more evaporation than precipitation. While the rainfall level is between 100 mm. at 700 mm. on steppe fields it is between 50 mm. at 350 mm. over the deserts. If annual rainfall is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (desert climate); if it is between 50% and 100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (steppe climate). A third letter may be included to indicate temperature. The letter h indicates a low-latitude climate with an average annual temperature at...... center of the map...... being dry, where we are looking at dry summers and wet winters and still constant precipitation. Another problem is the third letter since the temperature of the hottest month does not exceed 22°C. Therefore the Artvin region is a good example for Cfb.Nur Ceren ÇAKMAKESS 507 – 1476290References• Wikipedia ansiklopedi (25.4.2014). Retrieved from, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification• Klimatoloji Şube Müdürlüğü (nd) “İklim Sınıflandırmaları” Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Kalaba, Ankara, Türkiye• Michael Pidwirny (2011) “Köppen Climate Classification System” Source: NOAA• Turkish State Meteorological Service (27.4.2014). Retrieved from: http://www.mgm.gov.tr/iklim/iklim-siniflandirmalari.aspx#sfU• G. Sparovek, Q. De Jong Van Lier and D. Dourado Neto (2006) “Koeppen climate classification aided by computer” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Wiley InterScience