Mortality is a moving and compelling subject. This end is a confirmation of one's humanity and the end of one's substance. Perhaps this is why so many writers and poets reflect on their own deaths in their writings. Keats and John Donne are two examples of meditative poets who share the experience of the human condition in When I Have Fears and Holy Sonnet 1. Keats begins each quatrain of the Shakespearean sonnet with a modifier, and each modifier indexes the subject of that quatrain. The modifier therefore gives his sonnet a three-part structure. The first quatrain is what he fears; the second quatrain is what he sees; the third quatrain is what he feels; and the final couplet summarizes all the quatrains. However, the structure could also be considered to divide the poem in half: in its concern with intellectual pursuits and in its concern with love. The first quatrain begins with “When I have fears”, and confirms the theme of the first quatrain. He then uses the metaphor of a cornfield (where each grain represents an idea) to show how many literary ideas he generates. He has so many that he is “swarming” with them, and that word gives urgency to his need to put them somewhere; it is so overflowing that it needs to remove them from the brain to accommodate excessive growth. However, the metaphor is also paradoxical. “Harvest” in the second line refers to the process of “harvesting and harvesting (ears of corn or other produce) after the harvesters”; and so he compares his mind to a field of produce that must be harvested (OED). However, in the next line, he compares writing “high-stacked books” to a silo, which contains his “ripe grain.” That would make him the reaper because he wrote the books and put the “grains” on the page……in the center of the paper……wo). His faith allows him to “prevent” Satan's “art,” which means he can avoid temptation and even prevent other sins by doing good deeds. Donne concludes with a metaphor, comparing God to the immovable, which is a very hard stone; so difficult as to be impenetrable. Adamant also means unyielding. The solidity of God's rock "attracts" Donne's "iron heart", he experiences a sort of magnetic force that overcomes the "ironness" of the way he is set in his sinful ways. Donne uses a Petrarchan sonnet to express his views on death, humility, and sin. The poem has several ways it could be structured, but it is certainly structured in two parts. One interpretation could be that the first part of the poem focuses on the physical dimension while the second part focuses on the metaphysical. Or it could be structured as a two-part poem in which Donne has moved from fear to hope.
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