Dr. Khoury's article on Islamic Revivalism and the Crisis of the Secular State in the Arab World: A Historical Assessment - examines the social injustices, economic irregularities, national governmental inadequacies, and alienating international influences that have cultivated the reactionary revivalism of Islamic fundamentalism. Consequently, the pragmatic approach discussed by Dr. Khoury focuses on exposing the misunderstandings of this religious transformation. To demonstrate, Islamic revivalism in Arab nations is not a theologian-centric cultural event as Western media classify it. Indeed, Dr. Khory considers this “orient” to be a cultural misinterpretation and a product of the fundamental attribution error (FAE) – referring to American media portraying Arab populations as juxtaposed through acts of violence. Furthermore, he characterizes Arab states in the 20th century as “secular nationalism” over religious extremism and how the revival was simply a reaction to the exhaustion of Arab states (pages 217 – 222). To begin with, aside from discussing the exhaustion of states and how states were once secular national, he also discusses the inability of modern states to modernize their population after the post-colonial era of World War II. Dr. Khory highlights the depletion of their civic-social capacities resulting in “inadequacy” and enabling states to provide social services, employment opportunities, socioeconomic mobility, skilled labor markets and proportional distribution of wealth for their populations. In other words, the disenfranchisement of Arab nationalism was caused by several situational catalysts such as: massive urbanization that dragged the uneducated agricultural working class “peasants” in the o… Arab world to legitimize their oppressive methods and to pander to their classes by embracing political Islam and incorporating the principles of Islamic fundamentalism into state policies. “The accommodation of the Arab state is itself an admission of revivalism's potential to destabilize current regimes, but it is also, however, also a way of reaffirming a regime's legitimacy” (p. 233). From this quote and Dr. Khouy's article I have established that the Western powers have a vested interest in creating a moderate secular movement in the Near East. More importantly, the Islamic political revolution is vulnerable to moderate evolution in case social factors lead to the region's population becoming radicalized. Finally, Islamic fundamentalism is a reactionary manifestation of the religious political identity of the disenfranchised classes of the Arab states.