Civil rights provide rights to U.S. citizens and residents in the Constitution and legislation. Freedom of speech and freedom from certain types of discrimination are some civil rights protected by the Constitution. The Bill of Rights represents the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The specific rights of U.S. citizens are reserved, and the rights guaranteed by the Constitution cannot be removed or abridged by another state. In 1857 the case Dred Scott v. Sandford declared that slaves could not sue in court because they were not citizens. In 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted to end slavery and to enforce this amendment congress was given the power to enact the necessary laws. The Fourteenth Amendment ratified in 1868 establishes that every person born or naturalized in the United States is a citizen and guarantees that the State does not deprive the citizen of his or her rights. The first civil rights law guaranteed equal rights to all people living in the United States. The second law guaranteed every citizen the equal right to sell, rent, purchase, or inherit real or personal property. The third original law gave citizens the right to bring a civil action for violation of protected rights. The fourth considered the violation of these rights a criminal offense. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the most comprehensive civil rights legislation in U.S. history. Title VII of the law prohibits employment discrimination based on an employee's color, sex, religion, race, or national origin. Despite the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, many people continued to push for the Jim Crow laws to be repealed. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, was one of the organizations pushing to end the... middle of paper... They also had a ten-point plan to achieve their desired goals. . The Little Rock Nine were nine African American students who bravely enrolled at Central High School located in Little Rock, Arkansas. The day before classes began, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to surround the school and lock any black students or people out of the school. September 20 The National Guard withdrew because attorneys Thurgood Marshall and Wiley Branton blocked the governor's use of the National Guard. On September 23, police escorting students into the school opened the side door. Over 1000 people were in front of the school to protest and they became very angry and violent when they learned that the students were inside the school. On the 25th the nine small rocks under protection were escorted from the main entrance surrounded by aggressive crowds.