IndexIntroductionEtiologyPathophysiologyComplicationsConclusionReferencesIntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus has been, among other causes, responsible for numerous deaths throughout the world and in the case of the United States in general. However, these cases are due to causes related to pregnancy, generic factors, pathophysiological reasons and other risk factors such as family history, gestational diabetes, obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Given the above, it will be imperative to analyze the various causes of the leading cause of death among people with diabetes, implementing effective measures to prevent the disease. Although there are other major causes of type 2 diabetes, the epidemiological factor has been another cause for concern that requires intervention to curb the disease. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Etiology Type 2 diabetes normally occurs when the body alters the way it breaks down sugar in the body. Studies have shown that resistance to the action of insulin in cells or situations where the pancreas has not been able to produce enough insulin have contributed to some of the causes of type 2 diabetes. Such negative actions can cause adverse effects on the cells in the liver and muscle walls which may therefore be unable to use blood glucose to produce energy. Over time, the blood sugar level increases, causing some medical complications that lead to diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Family history, especially first-generation relatives, has been a major risk factor in developing of type 2 diabetes. This is the result of parents who already have the disease. This is closely linked to genetics as heritage is directly related to the cause. Studies have also shown that the risk of type 2 diabetes increases due to lack of exercise and fitness which allows glucose levels to clog cell walls (Baghikar et al, 2019). Studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed early in males. age than female, but are more prevalent in females than in males. This can be attributed to biological (differences in sex chromosomes) and psychosocial factors that may have a greater effect on women than men. Another risk factor for type 2 diabetes is lifestyle and environmental influences. These two factors are also thought to be responsible for the global obesity epidemic, directly responsible for type 2 diabetes. This is evident in a high body mass index (BMI) and the type of food people eat, such as meat rather than plant-based food. Over time, this puts them at high risk for type 2 diabetes. PathophysiologyThis is the study of changes in body functions due to abnormal mechanical, biochemical, or physical activities of the body. Type 2 diabetes is known to result from progressive resistance to insulin action on the peripheral linings and decline in cellular action. Here, insulin allows glucose to travel into cellulose as a normal physiological need to be used as energy and stored as glycogen. This in turn will stimulate protein synthesis and storage. However, insulin deficiency can block tissue access to nutrients essential for fuel and storage, causing resistance to insulin action in target tissues and thus excessive glucose production, also known as inappropriate hepatic gluconeogenesis. To further illustrate this point, it should be noted that instead of moving the sugarin cells, sugar accumulates in the bloodstream. When blood sugar levels rise, the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas release more insulin, but these cells eventually weaken and fail to produce enough insulin to meet the body's demand (Norman, 2016). It is worth noting that, due to the pathophysiological process and subsequent pathological outcome of insulin resistance, signs and symptoms of the disease often slowly develop, which, among others, include, increased thirst, increased hunger, frequent urination, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow wound healing. As a result of the above factor, two metabolic complications of type 2 diabetes, one of which is diabetic metoacyclosis (DIAA) and the other the other is hyperglycomix hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) (Mayo clinic, 2019 ). For example, HHNS occurs specifically in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it can also occur in patients undergoing procedures such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or in anyone with a stressed insulin tolerance. Additionally, inadequate insulin storage hinders the absorption of glucose for conversion into energy, leading to accumulation of glucose in the blood. . As a result, the liver begins to convert glycogen into glucose to meet the demands of energy-hungry cells, thus releasing glucose into the bloodstream which in turn increases the blood glucose level. It should be noted that, when this level exceeds the renal threshold, excess glucose is excreted in the urine making it unavailable to cells deprived of insulin. Consequently, rapid protein metabolism can result in the loss of intracellular potassium and phosphorus and excessive release of amino acids. The liver converts these amino acids into glucose and urea (William & Wilkins, 2016). Therefore blood glucose levels are significantly elevated. This can lead to increased serum osmolarity and glycosuria (high amount of glucose in the urine, leading to osmotic diuresis. Glycosuria is higher in HHNS than in DKA due to the higher blood glucose level in the HHNS. The above deadly cycle leads to massive fluid loss whereby glucose excretion further increases blood glucose levels, hyperosmolarity and dehydration can cause shock, coma and death. Some of the most common chronic complications that may normally occur include cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease Patients with type 2 diabetes will have an increased risk of various chronic complications such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, eye disease, kidney disease and skin disease Some of These complications of type 2 diabetes will be explained in the following paragraph Complications Heart and blood disease: Diabetes has been found to dramatically increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels, a condition called atherosclerosis, (William & Wilkins, 2016). damage (neuropathy). When sugar reaches high levels in the body, it can cause several complications that can lead to tingling, burning, pain, or numbness that usually starts from the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward. Kidney damage: Kidney transplant or dialysis may be necessary due to the effects of diabetes to avoid kidney failure which may be irreversible in end-stage renal disease. Eye damage: The risk of eye damage increases due to diabetes, including cataracts and glaucoma, and can damage the eye's blood vessels in the retina, which could.