In 1979 the third wave of democratization worldwide was due to the overthrow of the Portuguese dictatorship in Europe which spread to Asia in the 1980s. The third wave of global democratization, however, did not affect the non-democratic countries of East Asia, as they challenged the concept of democratization and upheld “Asian values”. Asian values refer to the strong traditional cultural values such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism that coexist in East Asian societies. The purpose of this essay is to explore Confucian culture and how it can influence the functioning of democracy in East Asia. Confucianism is a tradition of political and social thought named after the scholar Kongzi (Confucius 551-479 BC), it is still widely practiced/seen in social, legal, theological, ethical and political thought. Kongzi was born into a lower aristocracy and held an administrative position in the government. He was a social and political critic throughout his life as a public administrator and teacher of future political advisors. His teachings were focused on how to live one's life according to the traditional virtues of man; humanity (ren), ritual correctness (li), righteousness (yi), and wisdom (zhi). According to Kongzi, the key to social and political stability is the virtue of ren which means “the general virtue of being a perfect human being”. Everyone is capable of achieving ren, although only a gentleman properly educated in ritual correctness (li), righteousness (yi), right action (xin) and vengeance (jing) will be a superior man and capable of ruling in compliance. consistent with ren. Tu Wei-ming, a scholar of Confucianism, classifies Confucian thoughts into "political Confucianism" and "Confucian personal ethics". Political Confuncianism consists… at the heart of the article… of Singapore8. First proposed by Seymour Martin Lipset (1959), “Some Social Pre-requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review 53.1: 69-1059.Ibid., p.226. Wang's study adopts the “human development perspective of democratization” proposed by Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: the HumanDevelopment Sequence (New York: Cambridge University Press)10.Ibid., pp.270- 80.11 .Liang Musheng 梁木生 (2004), Theory of Staged Democratization (Tidu minzhu lun 梯度民主论)(Singapore: Hope Publishing House), pp. 48-56.12.Tianjian Shi (2008), “China: Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian System,” in Yun-han Chu, Larry Diamond, Andrew Nathan, and Doh Chull Shin (eds.), How East Asians View Democracy ( NewYork: Columbia University Press), 209-237, pp. 235.13.Ibid., p..82
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