Part 1: General Signaling Review (a.) Explain the fundamental differences between analog and digital signaling. Baher (2001, p. 2) states that the natural world in which we live, as well as most artificial sources, produce signals that we are used to considering predominantly analogue. This means that the signal f (t) is defined, in some way, for all values ​​of the continuous variable t, and its amplitude can take any value of a continuous interval. This signal is called an analog signal. Unlike analog signals, other signals are defined only for discrete values ​​of t. Therefore, the independent variable t takes on discrete values. Goleniewski (2006, p. 18) pointed out that when the signal is a continuous variable along the amplitude and frequency, it is recognized as an analog waveform. The digital signal differs from the analog waveform in having a series of multiple discretes representing one and zero bits.b.) What is the main disadvantage of the analog signal? Describe. When it comes to the analog signal, the main disadvantages are recognized as limited accuracy due to limited transistor tolerances and limited flexibility for adaptation. Goleniewski (2006, p. 19) states that through analog signal transmission, noise is always negligible. For example, unwanted random variation. When the analog signal is copied and recopied or transmitted over long distances, these seemingly random variations become dominant. However, to eliminate these losses, we can use shielding, good connections and different types of cables such as coaxial or twisted pair. Another limitation of analog signal is bandwidth because they cannot support high-speed data. c.) Explain why analog signals cannot be recovered after...... middle of paper ......ection, the bandwidth is fully used for data transmission.c.) Explain the relationship between the data rate of the inputs to a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and the data rate of the output. We can use the public switched telephone network (PSTN) as an example to explain the relationship between the input and output data rates of a TDM. Hanrahan (2005) indicates that there is a need to transmit calls of multiple subscribers over the same transmission medium. To meet the requirement, TDM is used because it allows switches to create channels within a transmission stream. If an input is a standard DS0 voice signal with a data bit rate of 64 Kbit/s, TDM takes the frames of the voice signals and multiplexes them into a TDM frame that operates at a higher bandwidth. In other words, if the TDM frame is composed of n voice frames, the bandwidth will be n*64 Kbit/s.