a) Fundamentals of chemical reactor safety Process or manufacturing industries usually use chemicals in their processes or produce chemicals as final products. Whenever chemicals are involved in process industries, concern about possible hazards should be raised. Chemicals not only pose a substantial danger because of their properties, but also because of the chemical reaction itself. An uncontrolled reaction as a result of the exothermic reaction of the chemical reaction could lead to a serious hazard, as seen in previous major accidents such as the Bhopal and Seveso disaster. The reaction of chemicals with water or air also shows serious attention, as seen in several previous major disasters (Sanders, 1999). The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) outlines in the "Chemical Reactor Rescue System Sizing Workbook" (1998) the basics of safety that can be adapted for a chemical reaction. The basis of chemical reactor safety includes both preventive and protective measures that would ensure the safe operation of the process. The basis of security can be defined as an operational protocol that ensures that this can be followed; prevent conditions that would lead to an uncontrolled escape by adapting preventive measures or minimize the probability of a runaway reaction if protective measures are applied. Preventive measures are measures that could prevent the occurrence of conditions that would allow an uncontrolled process to occur. This includes intrinsically safe design and process control. Kidam and Hurme (2012) conclude that design errors contributed as a cause of accidents in up to 80% of cases out of 284 accidents studied by the Failure Knowledge Database (FKD). Therefore, Trevor Kletz suggested that, to prevent accidents, the design should be made intrinsically safe. But... in the middle of the paper... of fire or explosion and therefore contained the explosion. The suppressant may consist of halon or water. Suppression can also serve as a means of isolation for fire or explosion in addition to valves such as rotary valves or quick-acting valves. Furthermore, cleaning is particularly important to protect against fires or explosions of flammable dust. The work area must be kept clean from accumulations of dust as the layer of dust deposited on the surface can also cause fires or, above all, risk of explosion. Cleaning can also prevent secondary dust explosions from occurring. Therefore, in conclusion, a similar method of fire protection can be applied both in LPG systems and in processes involving flammable dust. However, modification of the way the method is implemented should be made based on the characteristics and properties of the flammable gas or dust in question.