Waiters need to chase them away frequently. As the owner of this cafe, Anneke has the responsibility to know the situation of her outdoor courtyard and also has the duty to provide a comfortable and safe environment for her customers. However, Anneke breached her duty of care because she did not take any action to prevent the pigeons from foraging or make signs to carefully warn her customers of this situation. As a result, a customer fell from her chair and her expensive laptop broke due to the pigeon and Anneke should see it coming. Therefore the loss also corresponds to the third element of