Evolution Study Guide o Define the following terms:1. Evolution – a change in the number of times specific genes coding for specific characteristics occur within a cross-breeding population over a period of time.2. Fossils – preserved remains of organisms that lived long ago, usually in sedimentary rocks.3. Acquired traits – organisms that acquire, not inherit, traits over a period of time and which cannot be passed on to the next generation.4. Artificial selection – a breeder who selects desired traits for a species and then breeds that species to have those traits.5. Variation: physical and genetic differences in populations of a species.6. Adaptation: mutations that help a species or population adapt to its environment; good mutations.7. Fitness: The characteristics that a species or population possesses to help it survive in that particular environment.8. Natural selection – a process by which some organisms (based on their characteristics) are best suited to that environment; survival of the fittest. o List and describe the three observations Darwin made during his voyage on HMS Beagle.1. Darwin saw in the Galapagos Islands that the same species differed from island to island.2. Darwin saw that giant tortoises were well adapted to that environment. Some of the round-shelled turtles ate leaves close to the ground, while others stretched their necks upward to reach the leaves, and since their shells also sloped upwards, this allowed them to stretch their necks so far . Darwin also studied island finches. At first he thought they were all different species, but then he realized that they were all the same but with some variations in the size and shape of the beak. He also realized that their beaks are... middle of paper...structures but they come from the same lineage, and coevolution is a process in which two species influence each other's evolution. o Classification and phylogenic tree1. Classification occurs when scientists classify organisms into groups such as species, genus, etc. They use a dichotomous key to identify these organisms. In the 18th century, Carl Linnaeus created a system of taxonomy (the orderly division and naming of organisms) that consists of a two-part scientific name called binomial. The first part of the name is the gender. The second part of the name is special for each species of the genus. Next, the new species is placed into a phylogenic tree to see their evolutionary relationships with other species. A phylogenic tree is a hypothesis about their evolutionary relationships. There is always a common ancestor for all species/organisms shown in a phylogenic tree.